Reform and Planning in Dallas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reform and Planning in Dallas - Essay Example Fairbanks places more emphasis in the need to eliminate slums. According to him, the city administrators Prepared for the twentieth century by adopting measures aimed at handling the soaring population. The city also made major improvements in its urban planning as well as economic development. This significantly helped in eliminating slums and ensuring that public housing is provided for the needy. Moreover, Fairbank argues that Dallas prepared for the twentieth century by integrating its urban policy into the federal as well as state-based housing policies. In the essay, he also analyzes the past and contemporary profile of Dallas. These include the cultural and social issues that characterize the city. According to him, the city prepared for the twentieth century by ensuring that its urban change is relevant to its future, as well as the future of its metropolitan regions. He argues that effective urban and regional planning is necessary. Fairbanks also argues that Dallas implemented a wide range of environmental provisions in its urban planning. According to him, this significantly helped in ensuring that environmental conservation is enhanced and pollution is mitigated. Finally, he believes that technology plays a significant role in the development of any city. He therefore argues that Dallas prepared for the twentieth century by integrating technological advancements when planning the

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 24

Personal Statement Example This is what I am interested in and this is what I would like to pursue my studying with. I find business administration important as it helps to manages business operations, make right decisions for the effectiveness of the certain organization or firm. It also refers to such management functions as finance and personnel, which I find extremely important for the development of any business. Since business management is a field I am greatly interested in, I would like to learn more about it. Despite the fact that I have a broad range of interests, I have always been attracted by business management as I open many exciting opportunities of the business environment with its demands and challenges. In addition, the thing that excites me the most about business administration is that it can directly and indirectly influence people’s lives. I am ambitious person with the ability to set traits for the effective business management. I am capable to work collaboratively because I have strong team-working skills. However, I also succeed in achieving great results while working individually. My organisational skills helped me to achieve more through my academic work and personal experience. I find my key strengths are the ability to make analytical judgements and make decisions after assessing different business situations. I also am able to identify important points in order to target the key audience. I am capable to attract and retain people by preparing well thought out and informative presentations as for individuals as for groups. Currently I am studying in the Into City University Foundation, located in London, UK with the main subject in International Foundation in Business and Economics with Accounting. I should mention that the more I study this subject, the more my interest grows with it and I have also opened to myself that it is more than management, the main idea that customers attitude, whether it is god or bad, is the exceptional. Serving people

Physiotherapy for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN)

Physiotherapy for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) 1. Introduction of contractors In this section the contractors of this project assignment will be introduced. 1.1 Client Fisioterapia Alcobendas is a private practice specialized in physiotherapy treatments. Its owner is Marc van Zuilen, HvA graduate who has been operating his own clinic since 1999. The clinic’s main objective is to provide quality and personalized healthcare to the community and its clients. Among the areas of expertise , the following can be listed: tendinitis, hernias, low back pain, whiplash, cervicalgia, tennis elbow, rheumatoid arthritis, arthrosis, scoliosis, plantar fasciitis, fibromyalgia, cystic fibrosis, asthma, neuropathies, spina bifida, Bell’s palsy, etc. Besides being the owner of the clinic, Marc van Zuilen is also a lecturer for Universidad de Alcalà ¡ de Henares, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Asociacià ³n Fisioterapia Deporte de Élite. As part of his professional endeavours, by having this product in his hands, would benefit both the clinic and his actualization for use in lecturing. The client would like to employ for use in his practice a systemized recommendation for exercise for patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Providing the client with an evidence based approach toward treatment of DPN would improve the outcomes in their patients well being and would provide the clinic with a valuable tool to employ in prescribing the appropriate treatment parameters for this group. 1.2 Educational Institution Hogeschool van Amsterdam, located at Amsterdam, Tafelbergweg 51, 1105 BD, pertaining to the Amsterdam School of Health Professions (ASHP) the European School of Physiotherapy (ESP), represented by our coach- Cia Kesselaar. 1.3 Students Mihaela Cosarca and Finda Morsay, last year ESP students will be researching this topic as their professional assignment project. 1.4 Contact information contractors Name Title Phone Email Fisioterapia Alcobendas, Spain Client 0034916238440 [emailprotected] Cia Kesselaar Coach [emailprotected] Mihaela Cosarca Student [emailprotected] Finda Morsay Student [emailprotected] 2. Assignment In this section the assignment proposed by the client will be introduced. Then, the background of the assignment will be described. Furthermore, the end products will be defined and the physiotherapeutic clinical relevance will be explained. 2.1 Introduction assignment Fisioterapia Alcobenda is a well known, established institution in the surrounding community of Madrid, Spain. It is dedicated to the wellbeing of the community it’s serving. The clinic would like to apply an evidence based approach to treatment of some of the most common pathologies encountered in their patients: diabetic neuropathy. In order to do that, they would like to have available a research on the recommended exercise interventions supported by literature. By making use of this tool, the clinic will ensure the best results in their patients. The purpose of this assignment is to investigate diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) as a complication from diabetes and to present the evidence based in favor of exercising as a treatment modality that could prevent, delay or halt the course of this disease. Further on, we will focus on determining which exercise interventions should be incorporated into treatment plans for this group of patients and conclude which parameters of exercising are proven to be effective (type, intensity, frequency, duration). This project plan is developed by Mihaela Cosarca and Finda Morsay, students at the European School of Physiotherapy (ESP) in order to provide a structural approach to tackle the project assignment proposed by our client. 2.2 Background problem and clinical relevance In 2011, WHO estimated that 347 millions people worldwide were suffering from diabetes, with an estimated annual death toll of 3.4 millions. The International Diabetes Federation has an updated number for 2013: 382 mil people worldwide living with diabetes with a forecasted 55% increase to reach 592 million by year 2035. Diabetes is an epidemic and people diagnosed with diabetes are at increased risk of developing a series of serious health problems: cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy or dental disease (CDC 2011). According to American Diabetes Association (2011) of people diagnosed with diabetes, 60-70% will develop peripheral neuropathy and this complication has been deemed responsible for more than 60% of all non-traumatic amputations, in addition to contribution to other consequences: decreased sensation and strength, decreased proprioception, decreased reflexes, poor balance and increased risk of falling, decreased confidence, decreased level of activity and participation and overall decreased quality of life. The 2010 joint statement of ACSM and American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends different exercise interventions mostly for prevention and control of insulin resistance diabetes and to prevent complications. Similarly, a Cochrane review (Thomas et al. 2009) found that exercise was beneficial for people with diabetes as is correlated with glycemic control and significantly contributes to reduction in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, decreases triglycerides and increases insulin response. However, this review did not research the effect of exercise on DPN. The purpose of our study is to determine if exercise is a valid treatment modality for DPN and it will go further into details and to probe which exercise interventions are benefic for those diabetes patients who developed neuropathy and in which combination. The standard of care for diabetic peripheral neuropathy is based on a number of drugs and emphasis on feet care, but the main problem of the pharmacological approach is the fact that it produces side effects (Wamboldt et. al 2006), has been proven to have moderate to no improvement on this condition (Zochodne et. al 2008) and lacks the ability to lessen the progression of DPN (Zilliox et. al 2011, Callaghan et. al 2012). It is our responsibility as healthcare professionals to improve the odds of this patients and to contribute to a better quality of life for this population. In physiotherapy practice, the physiotherapists make use of different treatment modalities for various conditions. Exercise is one of the most accessible and easily prescribed intervention with successful results in many pathologies. Given the existing literature will prove exercise as a worthy intervention, we believe it has the potential to change the course of the disease and the quality of life of the DPN patients and it will be a useful tool in any clinic that treats these patients. Through this review, the students intend to research the main medical databases and to analyze the selected literature to determine the effectiveness of different exercise interventions in the treatment management of DPN. The findings will fill the lack of knowledge on the validity of this intervention as treatment of DPN and will outline the specifics of the treatment as evidenced by literature. This study has the potential to formalize the use of exercise as an evidence based modality for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. Description of research question 3.1 Methods All the delivered end products must meet the requirements of a Bachelor’s degree. In order to complete this task, the students will use the following resources: 3.1.1 Search strategy To gather the studies for both background information and the systematic review part, we used the following methods: 1) For the evidence based part for the systematic review the students recruited RCT’s, systematic reviews, meta-analysis and existing guidelines. The search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, PEDro, CINAHL, Cochrane, TripDatabase, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. An individual Cochrane search was conducted to prevent any systematic reviews being omitted during the first step. 2) For all the background information considered relevant for this topic, we also gathered: articles from the reference list contained in the systematic reviews and guidelines and articles found through the aforesaid databases that fall under the inclusion/exclusion criteria. 3.1.2 Keywords The keywords and the MESH terms (Medical Subject Headings) used were: 3.1.3 Inclusion criteria For the background information on DPN, case series, population-based studies, clinical trials, clinical and pilot studies, randomised-controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews and guidelines published between January 2000 and September 2014 were taken into consideration. The background information focuses on definition, factors involved in pathogenesis of DPN, incidence and prevalence, clinical presentation: signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, evaluation (EBP scales) and prognosis, available treatment methods. The inclusion of these articles was considered only if they were included in the reference section of an existing guideline or systematic review. For the systematic review- guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and randomized control studies published between 2000 and September 2014 were included. Available scientific studies in languages other than English or Spanish were excluded. In addition, some RCTs and case series were also included as long as they were published at a posterior date to the latest systematic reviews or guidelines. Criterion Justification 1 English Language Most specialty journals are published in English 2 2004- 2014 Last decade studies capture the most frequently used physical modalities existing in practice today[1] 3 Studied the effects of dry needling MTrPts on patients with PF 4 Humans > 18 y.o Ensures homogeneity between studies and possibly a bigger population count 5 Diagnostic criteria based on clinical findings Diagnostic criteria must be stated so that it can be easily determined how likely it was the subjects had PF and how similar the population was compared to other studies’ population 6 Quantitative study design incl. RCTs, non RCTs Included studies have to reflect the state of our knowledge and exact limitation; case studies excluded, unless published after latest RCT or systematic review 3.1.4 Exclusion criteria 3.1.5 Criteria for grading articles The articles are graded according to the Pedro criteria list (see appendix ?). In order to assess the quality of the criteria list, we conducted a pilot study where articles were individually graded and scores were compared by the reviewers. Where there was disagreement, discussion was done to reach a consensus. The list consists of 10 questions, scored between 0 and 1, max score 10. Each article was scored as follows: Good- if scored Very good score between 7 and 9 Excellent if scored 9 or 10 After the screening process with the criteria list articles were considered relevant for the study. 4. End Products The end products that will be delivered by the students are: 1. Project Plan- this document is meant as an organizational framework for the project. It outlines the content of the final end product of our PAP: a systematic review to help determine if using exercise as a treatment modality in the management of DPN is recommendable as good practice for PTs and other healthcare professionals. This plan describes the manner in which the students can guarantee quality end products. Efficient work is ensured by a clear task division and a thorough schedule. Buffer days/ weeks are set up to allow margins for the unexpected factors. Lastly, the quality of end products feedback and evaluation of the work is assured through collaboration with competent professionals and guidance from the ESP coach. 2. Systematic Review: the objectives of the proposed review are the following: To serve as an EBP tool for practitioners and students looking for an updated solution for using different exercise interventions in the management of DPN To provide practical guidance based on corroborating any existing EBP guidelines and including latest literature in terms of the exact interventio, the duration, frequency and the length of a standard treatment that could be beneficial for patients with this diagnosis. To provide a list of most common findings encountered through our research and conclude if exercise can be recommended and at what stage of the pathology can give a better prognosis- if evidence allows this conclusion Recommendations for future research 3.PowerPoint Presentation on the students will present the project. The specifics of the investigated intervention will be thoroughly explained with the accent on the most relevant findings of the review. 5. Project phases For optimal management, the project will be divided into three phases: preparation phase, decision making phase and completion phase. 5.1 Preparation phase The preparatory phase (week 37 to.. ) was dedicated to an orientation and selection of relevant literature and an outlining of the project. At the moment, the project is more defined and a more concrete design process is under construction. In this phase the following activities take place: Online or phone meetings with the client and personal meetings with the PAP coordinator A contract between client, student and the university A project plan is being written by the students and approved by the assigned coach 5.2 Decision Making and Progression phase In the decision making phase (week AA to AAA) the following activities take place: A progress report is made weekly and discussed with the coach A personal report is drawn up every two weeks Every day the student dedicates 6-8h/ day for synthesizing the selected literature and writing of the thesis Realization of project: deliver systematic review, leaflet and reports The presentation title plus brief description is submitted 5.3 Completion phase In the completion phase (week AAA to BBB) the following activities will take place: A presentation of the results: given by the student The final interview with the coach to discuss: the process report and the personal report, the end product (protocol and thesis) and feedback of the client Submitting products to PAP coordinator 6. Goals 6.1 Individual SMART goals MIHAELA S M A R T FINDA S M A R T 6.2 Group SMART goals S M A R T 6.3 End Product goal S Produce an answer to our research question, which is clinically relevant in physiotherapy practice M By following the standard scientific format: Abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and conclusion A With good guidance from coach and using our knowledge on evidence based practice R A systematic review will be our end product T Until the end of project, mid Dec 2014 7. Process 7.1. Pitfalls and safety net planning 7.2. Quality control 7.3 Rules and regulations for work 7.3.1 Task division 7.3.2 Coach contribution 8. Planning and timetable The following are the external deadlines for the products Product External deadline Contract Project plan deadline 20.10.2014 Project plan retake deadline 27.10.2014 Title and brief description presentation 20.11.2014 Green light presentation coach 24.11.2014 Deadline all products (1st chance) 12.12.2014 Deadline all products (2nd chance) 07.01.2015 Deadlines and Official PAP coordinator coach meetings (proposals) Week Day Date Time Description Remarks 37 TH 12.09 11:30- 13:00 Group members meet to discuss topic after PAP coordinator assigns the team members 37 FR 13.09 project description sent to PAP coordinator 38 MON 15.09 14:30- 15:15 Group had first meeting with PAP coordinator to discuss the topic, client, backup topic Search for coach continues until Wed 38 WED 17.09 18:00 Topic/ Coach to be confirmed by PAP coordinator/ Green Light 38 TH 18.09 16:00 Turn in PAP enrollment form 38 FRI 19.09 10:00 Kick off project plan 38 MON/TUE 22.09- 23.09 Meeting PAP coordinator to finalize topic details Coach assigned on 25th Sept 2014 39 TUE 30.09 11:00 Meeting with coach 39 WED, TH Research for new topic 40 TUE 07.10 12:30 Meeting with coach Discuss new topic and suggestions 41 MON 13.10 12:30 Project plan first draft 41 ? Project plan feedback meeting 41 TH- MON Integrate feedback 42 MON 20.10 18:00 Deadline project plan 42 MON-TH 20- 23.10 Searching engines and screening of articles for review 42 TH- SUN 23- 26.10 Screening of articles for review 43 MON 27.10 18:00 Deadline Retake project plan 43 TUE- SUN 28.10 -02.11 Grade articles for review 44 TH-TH 03.11- 09.11 Writing Introduction and methods sections for review 45 MON 10.11 12:00 Deadline INTRO and METHODS 45 FRI 14.11 12:00 Feedback coach intro and methods 45-46 MON- WED 10.11- 19.11 18:00 Integrate feedback, writing results and discussion sections 46 TH 20.11 18:00 Deadline RESULTS and DISCUSSION 46 TH 20.11 18.00 Title and brief description presentation deadline 47 MON 24.11 17:00 Feedback coach 47 MON 24.11 17:00 Greenlight presentation coach 48 MON 01.12 18:00 Deadline ABSTRACT and CONCLUSION and submit first draft of the review to coach 48 FRI 05.12 17:00 Extended feedback on draft 49 WED 10.12 18:00 Submit final version of the review for feedback 49 FRI 12.12 18:00 DEADLINE process report and individual report 50 FRI 12.12 18:00 DEADLINE PAP2: systematic review, leaflet, individual and group reports 51. MON- TH 15.12- 18.12 preparation presentation 52 winter BREAK 1. winter BREAK 2 WED 07.01.2015 DEADLINE retake PAP 2 2 MON- FRI 05.01- 11.01 preparation presentation ? PRESENTATION Official client meetings Week Day Date Time Description 38 TUE 16.09 12:00 Kick off meeting Evaluation Project Plan sign contract Midterm evaluation project Demonstration of end product End evaluation [1]to be determined which period we use

The Importance of Being A Teacher Essay -- Teachers Teaching Education

The Importance of Being A Teacher In psychologist’s Erik Erickson’s eight stages of psychosocial development, stage five is recognized as the time frame in life where an adolescent either discovers his or her identity, or experiences role confusion, that is a misunderstanding of where one fits into the puzzle of society. This is, without a doubt, one of the most crucial stages of any human beings life. The decisions and choices made at this point in a life may very well decide the remainder of their physical lives. It would seem quite obvious from this statement that the people involved in an adolescent’s life could possibly have a gigantic impact on what he or she becomes. The teaching that these teens acquire should come from several areas, one of which is the school setting. Although a teacher’s job must be treated with extreme delicacy, what an opportunity a teacher has to help shape and mold thousands of young minds. Throughout the rest of this paper I will explain; the philosophies and types of teaching that I plan to use, the personal beliefs, morals, and viewpoints that I plan to incorporate, and my future plans regarding school and life after my four years at Concord. There are numerous philosophies and teaching styles that are used throughout the world today. The six main philosophies currently recognized are: Perennialism, Progressivism, Existentialism, Essentialism, Social Reconstruction, and Behaviorism. While each of these has their own advantages and disadvantages, there are two that I feel would strongly accommodate the type of teacher that I would like to be. I feel that a combination of Essentialism and Behaviorism would allow me to be most effective in a high school English... ...a joy it would be to be able to administer guidance to some of the youth that were in desperate need of it. My students would learn much more than the joys of the literary world. They would also learn a number of things about life and the ways to live. By the end of each year, they would know that I was not just a teacher who wanted to teach them strategies and cram information down their throats, but that I was a man of character who deeply desired to make a difference and be a part of each one of their lives. If they needed to cry, I would love to be that shoulder to cry on. If I had to sum up my feelings and philosophies in one sentence to wrap things up I’d say: â€Å"I whole-heartedly desire to become a teacher because I want to serve, care, love, and teach today’s youth†. Nothing would be finer than to look back on my life and know that I had affected people.

Othello/Macbeth Tragic Heroes

A tragic hero, determined by Aristotle, must show a nobility and virtue of a certain magnitude however, their path to happiness should be ceased by their destructive vice (Harmartia- the flaw that eventually leads to their downfall). Peripeteia, the point where the character’s fortune changes, must evoke a state of pity and fear amongst the audience, and give above all, a didactic message.The outcome of this characteristic should result in a complex but sole instigation of both the hero’s Catharsis (a cleansing of emotion which is described by Aristotle as an effect of tragic drama on its audience) and Anagnoris when they reach their moment of realisation. It can be argued that Shakespeare fully abided by these rules in order to make a distinction between his characters’ prosperity and misfortune.Fintan O’Toole (post modernist critic) argues that Othello â€Å"is not tragic, merely pathetic†. However, Othello will be identified as a far greater trag ic hero than Macbeth, illustrating how Shakespeare fully intended on creating a tragically heroic character such as Othello. As the play progresses, Othello’s monumental Harmartia is gradually revealed; his sense of inherent jealousy is implemented by Iago, the Machiavellian villain, and his gullibility makes him susceptible to it.Once he becomes convinced that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful, his jealousy does indeed feed itself just as Iago ironically warns, â€Å"the green eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on† (Iago- Act 3 Scene 1), leading to the hero’s monstrous behaviour. The apparent alliteration, â€Å"death and damnation† (Act 3 Scene 3) and â€Å"waked wrath† (Act 3 Scene 3), reveals the great influence that Iago has upon Othello as his linguistic eloquence and his mental state rapidly collapse, resulting in both his use of evil imagery in language and in action, the murder of Desdemona.The hubris, argued by Helen Gardner ( in 20th century) â€Å"is heroic because Othello acts from inner necessity†, appearing to show Othello’s desire to remake the world into a better place, an act that is heroic â€Å"in its absoluteness†. This admission of ethical duty perhaps may have encouraged a contemporary audience to pity Othello as his act, although terrible in itself, is nevertheless wonderful in its own manner of righteousness. Othello therefore appears to be more honourable since his wrong doing was out of love and not of hatred, something for which Gardener seems to forgive Othello.A contemporary audience would argue that gender also plays an important role in Othello as men were regarded as stronger and wiser, making it more forgivable of Othello. However, a 21st century audience would view women as equally as important as men, showing that Desdemona’s murder was underserved and unforgivable of Othello. Dr Johnson (1765) declared that Othello was a â€Å"very useful moral†, as the protagonist shows how one can be stifled by naivete; the repetition of â€Å"honest Iago†, the external forces of evil, combine to cause Othello’s tragic manifestation and thus, his downfall.Macbeth’s Hamartia is his lust for power that eventually and unsurprisingly leads into his downfall. Arthur Kirsch (1984) highlights Macbeth’s â€Å"emptiness of his desires and the insatiability of his aspirations†. Macbeth becomes infatuated with the witches’ prophecy as he soon discovers how real it is, allowing him to be somewhat fixated on the idea of murdering the King and soon after, Banquo. â€Å"Macbeth does murder sleep†- the use of third person indicates the exponential deterioration of his mental state after killing an innocent King, as a result of his unquenchable thirst for power; essentially in itself more than one of the seven vices.Both Iago and Macbeth in this case, are the embodiment of the vices, both jealousy and gre ed, as opposed to Othello, who is only influenced by the vice itself. J. A Bryant (1961) argues that, â€Å"Macbeth is a wholly negative character who possesses the capacity for good but chooses to commit evil instead†, illustrating that his ulterior motive wasn’t for the good or righteous, as opposed to Othello, but for the selfish rise to power, evidently making him less of a tragic hero; he merely chooses evil because it works to his own advantage rather than making the world into a ‘better’ place.Both a Shakespearean and a modern audience would believe that Macbeth, like the Devil, has willed himself into a desperate position whereby he is captive of nothing except the providence he chose to ignore. In fact, a further aspect of his Hamartia is arguably his supposed lack of masculinity that he is constantly belittled and ridiculed for by Lady Macbeth. The use of a rhetorical question in â€Å"Are you a man? † indicates her ability to manipulate h im into believing that he is not ‘strong’ enough to murder.This too, plays an important but yet, not as dominant, role in Macbeth’s downfall. The second element combined to create a tragic hero is Peripeteia where the downfall from a virtuous status to a catastrophic one is evident. Regardless of however many times Othello is referred to as the â€Å"Moor† by Iago, a derogatory term used to highlight his race, a Shakespearean audience will still be amazed by his aristocratic virtue as he possesses the verbal eloquence to assert to the signiors in the rule of three adjectives as â€Å"potent, grave and reverend†.In Act 3 Scene 3 however, Othello makes more references to the â€Å"devil†; a reflection of Iago’s evil nature being imparted upon him, as â€Å"goats and monkeys† are images that connote the devil. His eloquence of poetry in Act 1 is in stark contrast to his rather barbaric and politically incorrect behaviour in Act 3, particularly to a 21st century audience as his act of â€Å"striking her† (Desdemona) across the face is an incredulous act that is totally unacceptable to feminists now but may have been deemed as common or even deserved to a contemporary audience of the 16th century.His affection dramatically changes towards Desdemona and it can be argued that Othello â€Å"allows manipulation and jealousy to lead to his self-destruction†- Tasha Kelley (2010) Othello simply cannot help the jealousy that he feels within him, no matter how much of an influence Iago is upon him. At this point, Othello is entirely convinced and absolute in the killing of his wife; the use of hyperbolic language in â€Å"I’ll tear her all to pieces† emphasises his sheer mercilessness since â€Å"all† of Desdemona will be killed.Unlike Othello, Macbeth changes rather early on in the play, and the only real evidence that the audience sees of his nobility is what others say about him. In Act 1 Scene 2 Duncan expresses, â€Å"O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman†; the use of positive adjectives to describe Macbeth would give both a Shakespearean and modern audience a good impression of Macbeth even before he is revealed in the play.On the other hand, current and contemporary audiences would also notice that the other characters in Macbeth are the ones who prove Macbeth’s honorary class, and not he for himself. After one consecutive scene, Macbeth’s Peripeteia is extremely abrupt that it can be portrayed as almost non-existent. â€Å"If Chance will have me King, Why Chance may crown me, Without my stir†- immediately one gains the impression of his violent underlying tone that is implied by the use of the word â€Å"stir†, revealing to a contemporary audience that his destructive intentions are intrinsic.According to Aristotle, there must be a clear distinction between the character’s prosperity and misfortune; Macbeth, as a tra gic hero, does not condition himself to these rules religiously enough and it therefore, can be argued that his downfall is far too early on in the play for an audience to fully grasp his nobility. Whereas, Othello’s greatness is explored thoroughly for two whole Acts, allowing an audience of any time period, to understand that his noble qualities are innate.A contemporary audience, for example, would understand the reason for Othello’s downfall much better than they would with that of Macbeth’s as the play enables him to develop as a character and thus, show his true intentions, which are in this case, to love and protect Desdemona. Alas, an alternative interpretation of Macbeth of a Shakespearean audience would be that he is an incessantly complacent man who, by all means, allows arrogance to corrupt his mind even in the first scene of the play.The most famous of quotes where Macbeth visualises a dagger, represents his wavering resolve and lust for power that slowly descends into his madness. â€Å"Is this a dagger, which I see before me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Act 1 Scene 7, the use of a rhetorical question illustrates Macbeth’s hallucination of seeing an object that is clearly not there, which in comparison is a major downfall for someone who was deemed to be â€Å"valiant† at the start of the play.Susan Snyder (1994) states that â€Å"the play provides no answers to the questions it raises about the relative culpability of the witches’ equivocal predictions and Macbeth’s potential to commit murder†. Evidently, there is no real justification or distinction in Macbeth’s downfall other than his sick ambitious need for power. The third criterion that qualifies a tragic hero is Anagnorisis, where the protagonist acknowledges his/her own flaw that has led them to their downfall.After all the accusations and trauma that Desdemona has been through, her last and most angelic words being, â€Å"Commend me to my kind lord- O, farewell! † This suggests that she is a saint for forgiving all that Othello has done to her and shows just how much she loved Othello; a contemporary audience would ultimately feel pity for her as she is not the one to blame. However, a different view of Desdemona and what she represents has emerged over recent years amongst modern audiences; feminist and new historic critics haveexamined her character in relation to the society she moves in. Marilyn French (1982), explores the masculine and misogynistic value system within Othello, and despite Desdemona’s assertiveness in choosing her own husband, French emphasises that Desdemona â€Å"must be obedient to males† and is â€Å"self-denying in the extreme† thus when she dies she is a stereotype of female passivity. Once killing Desdemona, Othello begins to express his sincere remorse for his wrongdoing through the repetition of alliteration.The use of alliteration in â€Å"Cursed, cursed† and â€Å"cold, cold†, Act 5 Scene 2, reveals how ashamed he is with himself for committing such a crime as he is emphasising it through the repetition of consonance sound â€Å"c†, and above all, goes closer to prove his tragic hero status. Through his two speeches, Othello is able to elaborate on the fact that he is wrapped with guilt; the rhyming couplet of: â€Å"I kissed thee ere I killed thee: no way by this, Killing myself, to die upon a kiss. † epitomises his Anagnoris as he realises his sheer love for Desdemona with what remains within him, a flare of eloquence.In stark contrast, there is no real evidence of Macbeth’s Anagnoris, and in fact, he behaves rather arrogantly about the witches’ predictions because he believes that no real harm will happen to him. In Act 5 Scene 3, Macbeth expresses a very short speech in which no lamenting or mourning is apparent; â€Å"I have lived long enough; my way of life Is fall’n into the searà ¢â‚¬  is but a mere acknowledgement of his circumstances rather than realisation of his tragic flaw. A Shakespearean audience would notice that perhaps Macbeth has not fully repented for his mistake and is therefore, in terms of Aristotle, not a true, classified tragic hero.Macbeth is determined to continue fighting for his life whereas traditionally a tragic hero, such as Othello, should ultimately understand their downfall in exchange for their life. In Act 5 Scene 5, Macbeth does in fact have the verbal eloquence to express himself even in a state of supposed despair. The use of personification in â€Å"Life’s but a walking shadow† reinforces the state of his ignorance to register his own wrong doing and therefore, both a modern and contemporary audience can advocate that they do not feel the same sympathy as they do for Othello.Finally, the last criterion of a tragic hero is Catharsis; the point at which the tragic hero cleanses his heart and the audience’s too. Othello, despite all that he has been through, returns to the articulate and passionate man, and for that, an audience can feel as though the previous trauma of Desdemona’s death combined with his own wicked imagery is obliterated and washed from them. â€Å"And very sea-mark of my utmost sail† is an example of how Othello is able to speak in iambic pentameter even in such a horrific mental state, reinforcing an audience’s perception of how truly noble and titled he is.Most honourably, he is not afraid of killing himself in the name of love; he simply â€Å"kisses Desdemona, and dies†, making him appear as more of a tragic hero than Macbeth, who fights to live on. He leaves the audience feeling bereaved and pitiful because, despite his jealousy, he ‘loved Desdemona too well’, a crime that was surely too harshly punished. Although, Macbeth’s death is rather less tragic and more heroic in the sense that he refused to kill himself b y â€Å"falling on my sword†; an audience would regard him as more honourable towards himself.Before Malcolm kills him, he partly recognises his wrong doing in the little speech that he gives; â€Å"Of all men else I have avoided thee: But get thee back, my soul is too much charg’d With blood of thine already†. Irrespective of the fact that Macbeth didn’t kill himself as he should have done, the imagery of â€Å"blood† reveals the extent of which Macbeth fights like a true soldier till the end. Unfortunately, as a modern audience, we cannot feel the same sympathy as we do for Othello as he neither recognises his flaw nor kills himself because of it; an imperative required for a true tragic hero.Macbeth is a rapid play that does not allow the main protagonist to develop as a character and for that reasoning; Macbeth lacks many of the imperative qualities needed within a tragic hero such as Peripeteia and Anagnorisis. Without a single doubt, Othello is one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragic heroes as fought for by Helen Gardner and Dr Johnson, regardless of Fintan O’Toole’s perception of Othello being â€Å"merely pathetic†. We can advocate otherwise that in fact Othello fulfils all four criterias of Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero.

The History of Cake Making

Sharon Cassidy DT418/3 The History of Cake Making Lecturer: Mary Kavanagh Introduction The purpose of this essay is to give a brief history of cake. Firstly this essay will begin with the manifestations of the first ‘cakes’ in Egyptian times and it’s evolvement throughout emerging civilisations and their contribution to the notion of cakes as we know them today. Influences such as colonisations, global trading and immigration will also be discussed to illustrate how the movement of ingredients and methods contributed to the fusion of culinary knowledge. This report will also acknowledge advancements in technology to aid both the domestic and commercial baker, and how consumer trends have changed dramatically throughout history. Origin According to Humble(2010) evidence from archaeological digs from our Neolithic ancestors have shown that cakes in some form or other were being made then, although these early endeavours are a far cry from our perception of what a cake is today. These ancient cakes would have been would have been made from little more than crushed grains , mixed with water and made into rounds and baked on a hot stone. They would have been very crude and flat as leavening agents had not yet been discovered; in fact the word cake is also used to describe something that is flat and compacted such as a cake of soap. Humble (2010) also writes that these so called cakes would have been the precursor to the oatcakes we have today but are now categorised as a biscuit. Castella(2010) writes that very little is known about the culinary experiences of these times as there are not much written about food prior to the eighteenth century, however some records exist in the form of tomb drawings, tax records, Greek plays and shipping and military records. It is thought that around 5,000 B. C. the Egyptians accidentally discovered how to make leavened bread. There are some theories surrounding this discovery such as a mixture of flour and water were left outside for some time and â€Å"caught† natural yeast from the air causing bubbles of gas to appear in the mixture which was then used in the making of some bread , or some liquid that was being used to make beer was also used in the making of bread, either scenarios would have resulted in a risen or leavened bread that must have been a huge improvement on the hard and tough bread that had been previously eaten. The Egyptians are credited with sweetening these breads with honey commencing the evolvement of the cake(www. theoldfoodie. com) . The cakes began to be associated with religious ceremonies of which there are tomb paintings showing such scenes involving breads/cakes of various shapes such as rings, fish, crescents and birds being offered to the Gods. The Greeks were very creative with their ‘cakes’ by advancing on the Egyptians innovations by adding fruits like dates and figs and nuts such as pistachio and pine nuts . The Greeks are also being attributed with the invention of cheesecakes which were made with goat’s milk. The Greeks were great innovators when it came to cake making and in fact baking became a trained profession with the emergence of a strict baker’s guild (Castella, 2010) which lasted for several centuries. During the rise of the Roman Empire the Roman’s took what the Greeks had started with baking and improved it further bringing their new techniques with them on military campaigns and thus spreading new methods across Europe, they in turn also collected new ideas, ingredients and tools with which they combined to invent new recipes and formulas. Medieval to Modern Cake Making The beginning of the Medieval period saw an increase in population and the emergence of cities and towns. There was now a greater demand for food and crops were now grown in surplus to supply workers in the towns. Flandrin and Montanari(1999) write that this gave way to markets being set up in the main thoroughfare of towns and crafts such as bread making were developed on a larger scale. As a majority people no longer had land themselves to produce their own food they had to rely on the markets for their food supply. One of the most important ingredient discoveries made in relation to baking was sugar. Although it originated in New Guinea it was the Indians who perfected the methods of processing the sugar cane which the Arab traders brought back to the Middle East. Due to explorers and crusades a huge array of new exotic lavours were being brought back to Europe such as spices, fruits nuts and of course sugar. An example of this was Gingerbread; a spicy sweet cake became enormously popular during the Middle Ages which the crusaders brought back with them. Sugar was highly valued and was thought of a medicinal ingredient during this era and was frequently prescribed by doctors in the form of sweetened cakes to patients to heal many ailments. It was however only available to the upper classes while everyone else still used honey as a sweetener. As sugar became more popular some religious figures deemed it to be evil and was banned however Thomas Aquinas declared that sweets were not actually foods so cakes could now be eaten on religious feast days giving rise to specific cakes being associated with religious holidays. The Medieval Courts encouraged elaborate banquets with highly decorated food, cakes would often be covered in gold leaf, silver and even gemstones (Flandrin and Montanari 1999) . According to Richard Sax (1994) it wasn’t until the 16th century that cakes and sweet dishes were served at the end of the meal, where previously sweet and savoury courses were mixed and often were incorporated into the same meal. From approximately the 13th to 17th century advancements in agricultural improvements and increased overseas trade, the once exotic and uncommon ingredients became widely available and encouraged baking to become more widespread, eating cakes would now become a daily occurrence rather than just for religious or special occasions. Cakes were becoming more and more enriched with butter, eggs, cream and being heavily fruited and spiced, and tinplate hoops were beginning to be used to shape and mould cakes making them easier to bake and serve (Peter Brears 1985). As written by Adamson (2004), using moulds to give cakes a distinctive shape was especially popular in Germany where such tins as a â€Å"Turks Head Pan† were used and continues to be used to this day for making Gugelhupf. ————————————————- During the mid 1700’s yeast was being replaced with eggs as the main source of leavening cakes. This would have taken a huge amount of time in order to whip eggs by hand (sometimes up to an hour) to get to the level of aeration that was needed. This method however resulted in a much lighter cake made possible from the amount of air incorporated during the beating of the eggs. An example of a cake from this era is the pound cake created in England and used equal quantities of flour, butter, and sugar, and of course eggs to be used as the aerating agent, (http://whatscookingamerica. net). ————————————————- The 1800’s saw improvements in milling technologies to give more refined flours, superior ovens were being produced with better temperature control and the creation of baking powder by Alfred Bird when he combined bicarbonate of soda with cream of tartar to formulate one of the most significant inventions which has had long lasting effect on baking be it in the home or in industry. (Pam Corbin 2011) Baking powder took the hard work out of baking and cakes made from around this time are more akin to what we class as modern day cakes today. Other culinary tools such as hand held egg beaters were now being mass produced along with cookbooks which no housewife would be without. ————————————————- By the early 1900’s baking technology made huge advancements and as early as the1920’s the boxed cake mix was invented. General Mills an American company developed the brand â€Å"Betty Crocker† which by the 1940’s exploded on to the market with their â€Å"just add water and mix† method. They became hugely popular with housewives as they were timesaving and cost effective. ———————————————— The 1900’s also saw the rise in home cake decorating which previously had only been done by professionals, cake decorator Dewey McKinley Wilton set up a cake decorating school, and e ventually manufactured and sold decorating products which paved the way for the booming multi billion dollar businesses that exists today. ————————————————- ————————————————- Ingredients ————————————————- Baking employs carefully balanced formulas. What goes into a flour based baked good either strengthens/toughens (proteins and starches), weakens/tenderizes (fats and sugars), moistens (any water containing ingredient), dries, or leavens it, however without heat and water, the important chemical and physical reactions wouldn’t take place. There are four basic ingredients that are used in cake baking: flour, fat, sugar and eggs, however any combination of these added with leavening agents, liquids and flavourings can result in thousands of recipes with completely different look, feel and taste from each other. ———————————————— Flour: ————————————————- Flour is the primary structure builder in cakes and is used to bind all of the other ingredients together. Cake flour is milled from soft wheat giving it a protein content of approximately 6-8%. Wheat flour  contains two very important proteins, glutenin and gliadin, when mixed with moisture and stirred, create gluten strands, which set when baked, however these gluten strands can also lead to a tough, dry cake if the flour is mixed for too long. There are many types of flour used in cake making the most popular being cream flour (contains and acid), plain flour and self raising flour (contains baking powder), However there are numerous other flours on the market today that can be used. Hi-ratio flour has been specially formulated for the commercial bakery which can allow maximum sugar and liquid absorption resulting in higher yield and increased profits. ————————————————- ————————————————- Fat: ————————————————- Fats come in two forms: solid(butter, shortening and margarine) and liquid(oil). Adding fat to a cake mixture can do several things, the action of beating/creaming the fat , such as butter with sugar will incorporate air bubbles allowing the batter to be light and aid in the leavening process. Fat also has a tenderising effect and increases the keeping qualities of the cake. Fats also have a shortening effect as it shortens the gluten strands. It contributes to a smooth mouth feel and flavour especially in the case of butter. Fats help to keep food products moist and extend shelf life. ————————————————- ————————————————- Eggs: ————————————————- Eggs add colour, flavour and nutrition to baked goods. The protein in the egg holds air and acts as a raising agent when whipped before other ingredients are added. The lecithin in egg yolks is an emulsifying agent that acts during mixing to assist with binding the ingredients together and tenderising. When baked, eggs coagulate causing them to set. ————————————————- ————————————————- Sugar: ————————————————- Sugar plays a vital role in cake baking as it imparts Sweetness to the cake mixture. Usually Caster sugar is used as their smaller granules dissolve quickly especially when it’s creamed together with fat; this action causes the sugar to hold air and acts as a raising agent. During baking the sugar caramelises causing the cake to colour and brown because sugar is also a  hygroscopic substance; it helps with a recipe's moisture retention and thus increases its shelf life by slowing the staling process (www. baking911. com) ————————————————- Other ingredients that can be incorporated with the ones listed above are endless, some examples are: ————————————————- Dairy: milk, buttermilk, cream, cheese and sour cream ———————————————— Fruits: lemons, oranges, limes, dried fruits, cherries and mixed peel ————————————————- Nuts: almonds, pecans, hazelnuts, peanuts, coconut and walnuts ————————————————- Flavourings: Chocolate, Vanilla, almond extract, spices and alcohol ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- International Practices ———————————————— Krystina Castella (2010) writes in her book A world of Cake that every celebration around the world is accompanied by cake that embodies the rituals of that particular society, and that every culture globally has their own version of cakes that symbolize the customs and traditions of their respective histories. Ancient civilisations all offered cakes to their gods and so throughout history became an integral part of religious and other holiday customs of different ethnicities. Of course the recipes change from country to country and even from town to town but generally these traditional cake customs are still alive today if though slightly evolved from their first beginnings. Here are some samples of celebrations from around the world and an example of the type of cakes that are still eaten at that time: ————————————————- China: Mid-autumn festival: Mooncakes ————————————————- Mexico: Day of the Dead: Pan de Meurto ————————————————- India: Diwali: Gulab Jamun ———————————————— France: Bastille Day: Opera Gateaux †”———————————————- Italy: Liberation Day: Cassata U. S. A: Shrove Tuesday: New Orleans King Cake Ireland: Easter: Hot Cross Buns Many recipes were developed because of the ingredients that were available in that particular region and what methods were accessible at the time, mass immigration/emigration globally played an enormous part as can be seen with the discovery of the New World which brought with it a diversity of people from all corners of the globe to contribute to the birth of America. This assortment of cultures resulted in the amalgamation of traditional recipes brought from the home country such as Scottish scones becoming American shortcakes, Dutch fried cakes became doughnuts and German streusel became American buckle cake. The Amish community, who were German settlers, brought their no frills baking concept with them and famous â€Å"American† cakes such as Funnel cakes and Angel food cakes derive from the Amish people. The Jewish settlers from middle and Eastern Europe have made a huge impact on baking practices especially in America where a great proportion of them made a new home in New York. The renowned New York cheesecake can be attributed to Reuben’s Deli which were the first to substitute cottage cheese for cream cheese and according to Amander Hessner (2010) was a detail that defined the New York cheesecake that went on to win them a gold medal at the 1929 World Fair. Jacob Kenedy (2011) writes that turbulent histories have left a positive impact in culinary terms in some regions such as the French leaving behind the techniques of fine viennoiserie and patisseries, helping to make Naples one of the capitals of Italian desserts. In Britain Queen Victoria made popular the custom of high tea, a very dignified tradition of eating sweet dishes and drinking tea which initiated the development of numerous new recipes for cakes and sweet treats, and although the ritual is not part of every day life today, people still associate having something sweet to eat while having a cup of tea. Domestic, Plant and Boutique Style Bakeries Up until the mid 20th Century the majority of cakes that were baked were made by housewives and small local bakeries, however the emergence of the supermarket had a massive impact on the buying and eating patterns of the public. As mentioned above such products as cake mixes were now available to help the harried housewife, along with frozen desserts which were now available due to advances in technology allowing every home to have refrigeration and freezer capabilities. The establishment of Women’s Lib afforded women the freedom to work outside of the home contributing to the now emerging gap in the market for convenience foods. By the 1960’s huge advances were been made to eliminate fermentation time in bread making by mechanical and chemical means, and naturally methods were also being developed to â€Å"improve† cake production on a mass scale. Unfortunately in order to produce cake viable for sale for longer periods of time involved the introduction of emulsifiers, stabilisers and other additives to increase their shelf life. Flour was also been chlorinated to produce a high ratio flour that could absorb higher quantities of sugar and liquid allowing a higher profit margin for producers. High demand for ready made baked goods saw the rise of small bakeries in Ireland nonetheless it has been argued that Ireland’s entry into the EEC played a part in the decline of these bakeries due to European large plant bakeries flooding the market with cheaper products. The Celtic tiger years of Ireland however saw a revival of sorts to the traditional and artisan baking. This resurgence can be attributed to several reasons, Kavanagh(2008) states her beliefs as follows: â€Å"individuals have travelled and are aware of standards and choice elsewhere thus seeking variety on their return† she also explains â€Å"increased disposable income has meant that the consumer is more quality and health conscious and seeks organic, fresh, and local produce an indication of the increase in the number of farmer’s markets emerging† Chef Clodagh McKenna explains that artisan producers and farmers markets have played their part in revitalising local economies by encouraging employment and bringing forth a new generation of interested people. Health, nutrition and consumption trends In an article written by Miriam Tuomey(2011) for Bord bia, it has been found that the sale of home baking products in Ireland, has grown by 8. 1% to reach a value of almost â‚ ¬63m in the year ended 23 Jan 2011, according to Kantar. (www. bordbia. e) This trend in ho me baking can also be attributed to enormous food dedicated programmes on television where chefs and bakers are now afforded celebrity status and home baking has now become officially â€Å"cool† Another aspect driving consumption trends is the increased awareness of health implications from certain ingredients used in baked products. There is greater demand for natural ingredients as apposed to some of the ingredients in massed produced goods such as preservatives, flavourings, colourings, artificial sweeteners, stabilisers and modified starches. Through scientific and medical advances, more is known about wheat intolerance and coeliac disease and the baking industry has responded by producing gluten-free baked products, other products are also being produced to suit the dietary needs of people who are lactose intolerant, have allergies such as egg and nuts, for diabetics and for people who generally want to follow a healthy lifestyle. Conclusion Cake has started off as a basic nutritional addition to the diet of ancient civilisations and has progressed to play a vital role in the development of cultures and traditions and visa versa. They are an integral part of modern and traditional celebrations, bringing people together, be it for a religious festival, a wedding, or a birthday. The fusion of cultures and the opening of global markets have meant that everyone now has access to ingredients, recipes, tools and knowledge from every nation and the modern baker has the world of cake at their feet. ————————————————- ————————————————- References: ————————————————- ————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ Adamson,M. (2004) Food in Medieval Times Greenwood Press, London ————————————————- Brears, P. (1985) Food and Cooking in 17th Century Britain History and Recipes Peter Brears and English Heritage, London ————————————————- Castella,K, (2010) A World of Cake, Storey Publishing, M. A. ————————————————- Corbin, P. (2011) The River Cottage Cakes Handbook Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, London ————————————————- Flandrin, J,L, and Montanari,M (1999) Food a Culinar y History, Columbia University Press, New York ————————————————- Hessner, A. (2010) The Essential New York Times Cook Book, Classic Recipes for a New Century W. W. Norton and company, New York ————————————————- Humble,N. (2010) Cake a Global History, Reaktion books, London ————————————————- Kavanagh, M. (2008) Curriculum Evolution at the Department of Baking Technology (National Bakery School), D. I. T, Kevin Street,1998-2008: What Factors Have Brought About a Change in the Curriculum M. A thesis Dublin Institute of Technology ————————————————- Kenedy, J. 2011) Bo cca Cookbook Bloomsbury, London ————————————————- McKenna, C. (n. d. ) The Irish Farmers Market Cookbook, Collins ————————————————- Sax, R. (1994) Classic Home Desserts Houghton Mifflin Company, New York ————————————————- How Baking works (n. d. ) [online} Available: http://www. baking911. com/howto/how_baking_works. htm [Accessed 5th October, 2011] ————————————————- Toumey, M. (2011) Homebaking Products show further Growth [online] Available: http://www. bordbia. ie/industryservices/information/alerts/Pages/Homebakingstillgrowing. spx [Access ed 21st October, 2011] ————————————————- http://whatscookingamerica. net/history/cakes {[online] [accessed 4th October, 2011] ————————————————- www. theoldfoodie. com/2010/10/brief-history-ofcakes. html [online] [Accessed 4th October, 2011] ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- —â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ———————————————— ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ———————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- ————————————————- ———————————————— ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- — Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————-